" Multi-Objective Optimization for Equipment Capacity in Off-Grid Smart House,"
Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis was combined with a tool to optimize BHE sizing by considering various economic aspects. This study proposes a novel BHE sizing method to support the process of sizing energy sources in the design development phase of a construction project. Furthermore, the high initial cost issue of BHEs makes it difficult to ensure the feasibility of GSHP projects in this type of a situation.
Specifically, in South Korea, a typical residential type corresponds to an apartment building with a high building-to-land ratio for land efficiency, and thus the space to install the BHEs is usually insufficient. However, the high initial costs to install the BHEs still acts as an obstacle in the expansion of these renewable energy source systems. Ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems coupled with borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) are widely used as a renewable energy source.